Etiological and epidemiological features of acute meningitis or encephalitis in China: a nationwide active surveillance study.

BACKGROUND: Acute meningitis or encephalitis (AME) results from a neurological infection causing high case fatality and severe sequelae. AME lacked comprehensive surveillance in China. METHODS: Nation-wide surveillance of all-age patients with AME syndromes was conducted in 144 sentinel hospitals of 29 provinces in China. Eleven AME-causative viral and bacterial pathogens were tested with multiple diagnostic methods. FINDINGS: Between 2009 and 2018, 20,454 AME patients were recruited for tests. Based on 9,079 patients with all-four-virus tested, 28.43% (95% CI: 27.50%‒29.36%) of them had at least one virus-positive detection. Enterovirus was the most frequently determined virus in children <18 years, herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus were the most frequently determined in 18-59 and ≥60 years age groups, respectively. Based on 6,802 patients with all-seven-bacteria tested, 4.43% (95% CI: 3.94%‒4.91%) had at least one bacteria-positive detection, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis were the leading bacterium in children aged <5 years and 5-17 years, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected in adults aged 18-59 and ≥60 years. The pathogen spectrum also differed statistically significantly between northern and southern China. Joinpoint analysis revealed age-specific positive rates, with enterovirus, herpes simplex virus and mumps virus peaking at 3-6 years old, while Japanese encephalitis virus peaked in the ≥60 years old. As age increased, the positive rate for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli statistically significantly decreased, while for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis it increased. INTERPRETATION: The current findings allow enhanced identification of the predominant AME-related pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures in China, and a possible reassessment of vaccination strategy. FUNDING: China Mega-Project on Infectious Disease Prevention and the National Natural Science Funds.

Characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among patients with acute diarrhea in China, 2009‒2018.

Objectives To investigate the epidemiological features of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in patients with acute diarrhea in China. Methods An active sentinel surveillance was performed in all-age patients with acute diarrhea in China, 2009‒2018. DEC was isolated and identified by serological assay and PCR from stool samples. Results DEC was determined in 6.68% (6,119/91,651) of the patients, with higher positive rates among females than among males (6.97% vs. 6.46%) and among 18‒59 years patients (7.88%) than among other age groups. Five pathotypes were identified, the most prevalent was enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Pediatric patients <5 years had higher positive rate of EAEC (2.07%), followed by EPEC (1.81%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (0.31%), while the 18‒59 years patients had higher infection of ETEC (2.36%). ETEC and EPEC were more frequently identified in urban than rural areas, with age and gender adjusted positive rate of 1.68% vs. 1.14% respectively, and 1.77% vs. 1.55%, while EIEC and EHEC were more frequently identified in rural areas. Conclusions These findings highlight the epidemiology features of DEC and underscores the need for conducting DEC surveillance.

Etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections in China.

Nationwide prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute respiratory infections was conducted in China between 2009‒2019. Here we report the etiological and epidemiological features of the 231,107 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Children <5 years old and school-age children have the highest viral positivity rate (46.9%) and bacterial positivity rate (30.9%). Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus are the three leading viral pathogens with proportions of 28.5%, 16.8% and 16.7%, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the three leading bacterial pathogens (29.9%, 18.6% and 15.8%). Negative interactions between viruses and positive interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens are common. A Join-Point analysis reveals the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. These data indicate that differential priorities for diagnosis, prevention and control should be highlighted in terms of acute respiratory tract infection patients' demography, geographic locations and season of illness in China.

Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China.

National-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.

CORM-3 Regulates Microglia Activity, Prevents Neuronal Injury, and Improves Memory Function During Radiation-induced Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore in detail, the mechanism of the carbon monoxide releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3) in regulating the activity of microglia (MG) in the treatment of radiation brain injury (RBI). METHODS: The brain injury models of BV2 cells and Balb/C mice were established and randomly divided into three groups: the normal control group (CON), the single radiation group (RAD), and the radiation plus CORM-3 intervention group (RAD+CORM). Immunofluorescence was used to observe the effects on activation of the MG. The expressions of inflammatory factors, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were detected by Western blot. Neuron apoptosis and regeneration in the radiation brain injury (RBI) model were detected by neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)+TUNEL and NeuN+BrdU double staining. A Morris water maze was used to assess the spatial learning and memory of the mice. RESULTS: Within 48 h after radiation, CORM-3 inhibited activation of the MG, blocked the phosphorylation of P38, and increased the expression of ICAM-1 and iNOS. Therefore, CORM-3 might alleviate MG-mediated neuronal apoptosis and promote neural regeneration in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. CORM-3 could increase the swimming distance and platform-stay time of the mice in the target platform quadrant after radiation. CONCLUSION: CORM-3 could effectively improve the inflammatory response induced by activation of the MG, reduce neuronal apoptosis, promote neural regeneration, and improve the learning and memory performance of mice after radiation.

IKKα restoration via EZH2 suppression induces nasopharyngeal carcinoma differentiation.

Lack of cellular differentiation is a key feature of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but it also presents as a unique opportunity for intervention by differentiation therapy. Here using RNA-seq profiling analysis and functional assays, we demonstrate that reduced IKKα expression is responsible for the undifferentiated phenotype of NPC. Conversely, overexpression of IKKα induces differentiation and reduces tumorigenicity of NPC cells without activating NF-κB signalling. Importantly, we describe a mechanism whereby EZH2 directs IKKα transcriptional repression via H3K27 histone methylation on the IKKα promoter. The differentiation agent, retinoic acid, increases IKKα expression by suppressing EZH2-mediated H3K27 histone methylation, resulting in enhanced differentiation of NPC cells. In agreement, an inverse correlation between IKKα (low) and EZH2 (high) expression is associated with a lack of differentiation in NPC patient samples. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a role for IKKα in NPC differentiation and reveal an epigenetic mechanism for IKKα regulation, unveiling a new avenue for differentiation therapy.

Endoscope-guided interstitial intensity-modulated brachytherapy and intracavitary brachytherapy as boost radiation for primary early T stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) is usually applied as boost radiotherapy for superficial residual of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after primary extern-beam radiptherapy (ERT). Here, we evaluated the outcome of endoscope-guided interstitial intensity-modulated brachytherapy (IMBT) boost radiation for deep-seated residual NPC. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two hundred and thirteen patients with residual NPC who were salvaged with brachytherapy boost radiation during 2005-2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Among these patients, 171 patients had superficial residual NPC (≤1 cm below the nasopharyngeal epithelium) were treated with ICBT boost radiation, and interstitial IMBT boost radiation was delivered to 42 patients with deep-seated residual NPC (>1 cm below the nasopharyngeal epithelium). We found that IMBT boost subgroup had a higher ratio of T2b (81.0% VS 34.5%, P<0.001) and stage II (90.5% VS 61.4%, P = 0.001) than that of ICBT boost subgroup. The dosage of external-beam radiotherapy in the nasopharyngeal (63.0±3.8 VS 62.6±4.3 Gray (Gy), P = 0.67) and regional lymph nodes (55.8±5.0 VS 57.5±5.7 Gy, P = 0.11) was comparable in both groups. For brachytherapy, IMBT subgroup had a lower boost radiation dosage than ICBT subgroup (11.0±2.9 VS 14.8±3.2 Gy, P<0.01). Though the IMBT group had deeper residual tumors and received lower boost radiation dosages, both subgroups had the similar 5-year actuarial overall survival rate (IMBT VS ICBT group: 96.8% VS 93.6%, P = 0.87), progression-free survival rate (92.4% VS 86.5%, P = 0.41) and distant metastasis-free survival rate (94.9% VS 92.7%, P = 0.64). Moreover, IMBT boost radiation subgroup had a similar local (97.4% VS 94.4%, P = 0.57) and regional (95.0% VS 97.2%, P = 0.34) control to ICBT subgroup. The acute and late toxicities rates were comparable between the both subgroups. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: IMBT boost radiation may be a promising therapeutic selection for deep-seated residual NPC.

A retrospective evaluation of radiotherapy for the treatment of local esophageal squamous cell carcinoma recurrence after initial complete surgical resection.

INTRODUCTION: Our purpose was to assess the efficacy of radiation therapy in the treatment of locoregional recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma recurrence after curative resection. METHODS: Patients with local esophageal squamous cell carcinoma recurrence who were treated at the Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1990 to December 2002 and whose initial treatment was complete surgical resection (N = 152) were included. Of the 152 patients, 60 patients received treatment with radiation therapy, and the others did not receive radiation. None of the included patients received chemotherapy or radiotherapy before surgery. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative survival rate. RESULTS: The median survival time was 16.0 ± 2.7 months for those who received radiotherapy versus 6.5 ± 1.6 months for those who did not (P < 0.001). The median survival time was greater (22.3 ± 4.0 months) for patients who receive a dosage greater than 50 Gy compared with those patients who received a dosage of 50 Gy or less (7.7 ± 0.3 months; P = 0.033). The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 16.4% and 10.4%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 3- year recurrence-free survival rates were 56.1 ± 4.3%, 32.9 ± 4.1%, and 22.0 ± 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy may help improve the survival rate in patients with local esophageal squamous cell carcinoma recurrence after complete surgical resection who have no history of radiotherapy.

Use of a posterior pedicle nasal septum and floor mucoperiosteum flap to resurface the nasopharynx after endoscopic nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic nasopharyngectomy is a new salvage treatment for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, how to resurface the nasopharyngeal defects in endoscopic endonasal approaches to avoid persistent postoperative headache, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported. METHODS: From September 2009 to August 2010, we used a modified posterior pedicle nasal septum and floor mucoperiosteum flap (nasal septum and floor flap, NSFF) after endoscopic nasopharyngectomy in 12 patients with locally recurrent NPC. Most of the nasal septum and floor mucoperiosteum, except for the posterior pedicle, was harvested to cover the nasopharyngeal defects. RESULTS: All NSFFs successfully covered the entire nasopharyngeal defects and relined the nasopharynx with good functional recovery. The nasopharyngeal wounds recovered in 28 days (range, 14 to 56 days), and the donor-site wounds recovered in 46.5 days (range, 24-84 days). No reconstruction-related complications or disease recurrences were observed. CONCLUSION: The NSFF is a safe and promising reconstructive option to resurface the nasopharyngeal defect after endoscopic nasopharyngectomy in patients with locally recurrent NPC.